top air quality monitors
AIThis post was created with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI).

If you’re searching for an air quality monitor with Co2 and PM2.5, you’re likely aiming for precise indoor air tracking to ensure a healthier environment. The Temtop M10+ stands out as the best overall thanks to its 6-in-1 sensor suite and clear display, perfect for comprehensive monitoring. The GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Monitor offers a more budget-friendly option with essential PM2.5 and humidity readings, suitable for basic home use. However, these devices often face tradeoffs: higher accuracy usually comes with a higher price, and compact models may sacrifice features or sensor precision. Keep reading for a detailed breakdown of the top options and what each offers to help you make an informed choice.

Before you orderOffer from Amazon

Get furniture and decor delivered free with Prime

  • Fast, free delivery on millions of items
  • Prime Video, Amazon Music and more included
  • Member-only deals all year
Start your free Prime trial Free trial for eligible customers · Cancel anytime
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
15
compared
11
brands
Which air quality monitor with co2 and pm25 should you buy?
★ Top Pick
Temtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter &
Best Overall for Long-Term Indoor Monitoring
Battery lasts up to 60 days, minimizing maintenance
See on Amazon →
Tech-oriented homeowners looking for real-time monitoring with smart home integration
GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Mo
High accuracy and fast refresh rate for real-time data
View on Amazon →
Environmental professionals or serious hobbyists needing portable, multi-pollutant air quality data
Professional Indoor Air Qualit
Provides detailed real-time data on multiple pollutants
View on Amazon →
Homeowners who want a simple, portable display with clear visual cues for indoor air quality
Indoor Air Quality Monitor for
Large, colorful display for easy reading
View on Amazon →
Indoor environments requiring detailed, multi-parameter monitoring with customizable alerts
16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Mon
Large, clear LCD display for easy data reading
View on Amazon →
Pros & cons at a glance
Temtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter &
✓ Battery lasts up to 60 days, minimizing maintenance
✗ Requires smartphone app for full functionality
GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Mo
✓ High accuracy and fast refresh rate for real-time data
✗ Requires constant connection to power via Type-C
Professional Indoor Air Qualit
✓ Provides detailed real-time data on multiple pollutants
✗ Limited to 4-5 hours of battery life
Indoor Air Quality Monitor for
✓ Large, colorful display for easy reading
✗ Battery life limited to around 9 hours
16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Mon
✓ Large, clear LCD display for easy data reading
✗ Battery backup lasts only about 6 hours
Smart Air Quality Monitor Indo
✓ Full-range air detection including HCHO and TVOC
✗ Relatively complex setup process
Temtop S1 PM2.5 Air Quality Mo
✓ Long-lasting battery of up to 60 days
✗ No app connectivity or remote tracking
Breathe Airmonitor Plus Indoor
✓ Accurately measures CO₂, PM, VOCs, and formaldehyde
✗ Power source details not specified
16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Mon
✓ High-definition color display for easy reading
✗ No mention of app or remote connectivity
16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Mon
✓ Large, easy-to-read 7-inch display
✗ Sensor maintenance over time can be demanding
Indoor Air Quality Monitor 10-
✓ Measures 10 parameters including CO2, formaldehyde, TVOC, and particulate matter
✗ Requires Bluetooth for full functionality, which may complicate setup
LifeBasis Air Quality Monitor
✓ Tracks 11 key air quality parameters including AQI, CO2, and PM levels
✗ Requires charging after around 12 hours, limiting continuous use
Air Quality Monitor with 7.5-i
✓ Large, bright, 7.5-inch color display for clear visibility
✗ Requires USB power source, limiting placement options
18-in-1 Smart Air Quality Moni
✓ Provides detailed, real-time data on 18 parameters including CO2, PM, TVOC, and HCHO
✗ Requires Wi-Fi connection for full functionality
Sainlogic Indoor Air Quality M
✓ Large 7.2-inch display with adjustable brightness for easy reading
✗ Limited battery life of up to 8 hours

Complete the kit

Scotch Felt Pads 162 PCS Beige, Felt Furniture Pads for P...
Scotch Felt Pads 162 PCS Beige, Felt Furniture Pads for P…
Add to your setup →
Scotch Felt Pads 32 PCS Beige, Felt Furniture Pads for Pr...
Scotch Felt Pads 32 PCS Beige, Felt Furniture Pads for Pr…
Add to your setup →
Felt Furniture Pads X-PROTECTOR 133 PCS Premium Furniture...
Felt Furniture Pads X-PROTECTOR 133 PCS Premium Furniture…
Add to your setup →

Key Takeaways

  • The best monitors balance comprehensive sensor arrays with ease of use and clear displays.
  • Higher-priced options tend to offer more accurate readings and broader sensor coverage, especially for formaldehyde and TVOC.
  • WiFi and app connectivity are common features among premium models, enabling remote monitoring and alerts.
  • Size and display quality vary significantly; larger screens improve readability but may add bulk or cost.
  • Most affordable models focus on essential metrics like PM2.5 and CO2, but may lack detailed alarms or long-term data storage.
2
GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Mo
Best for Real-Time Accuracy and Smart Integration
1
Temtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter &
Best Overall for Long-Term Indoor Monitoring
3
Professional Indoor Air Qualit
Best for Portable, Multi-Pollutant Detection

Our Top Air Quality Monitor With Co2 And Pm25 Picks

Temtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter & Indoor Air Quality Monitor with E-Ink DisplayTemtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter & Indoor Air Quality Monitor with E-Ink DisplayBest Overall for Long-Term Indoor MonitoringMeasurement Types: CO2, PM2.5, TVOCs, temperature, humidityDisplay: E-InkBattery Life: Up to 60 daysVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Monitor with PM2.5, Temperature, and Humidity – LED Display, Wired, Indoor UseGoveeLife Smart Air Quality Monitor with PM2.5, Temperature, and Humidity - LED Display, Wired, Indoor UseBest for Real-Time Accuracy and Smart IntegrationPM2.5 accuracy: ±15 µg/m³Temperature accuracy: ±0.54°FHumidity accuracy: ±3%RHVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Professional Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7 AQI Alarms, 16-in-1 Portable Real-Time Detector for PM2.5, PM10, CO2, TVOC, HCHO, Temp, Humidity (Black)Professional Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7 AQI Alarms, 16-in-1 Portable Real-Time Detector for PM2.5, PM10, CO2, TVOC, HCHO, Temp, Humidity (Black)Best for Portable, Multi-Pollutant DetectionPower Source: Battery PoweredAlarm: 7x AQI Beep AlarmsMeasurements: PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, TVOC, HCHO, Temp, HumVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Indoor Air Quality Monitor for Home with CO2, PM2.5, Formaldehyde, TVOC Sensors, and Temperature & Humidity DisplayIndoor Air Quality Monitor for Home with CO2, PM2.5, Formaldehyde, TVOC Sensors, and Temperature & Humidity DisplayBest for Large Color Display and Easy Indoor UseAQI Display: 7-levelSensors: CO2, PM2.5, PM10, Formaldehyde, TVOCDisplay: Large color screenVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with Large Display and Real-Time Alerts16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with Large Display and Real-Time AlertsBest for Comprehensive Monitoring and Custom AlertsParameters Monitored: CO2, Formaldehyde, TVOC, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, Temp, Humidity, TimeDisplay: 7-inch LCDAlert Modes: 7 AQI alert buzzers with muteVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Smart Air Quality Monitor Indoor, WiFi Air Quality Tester with APP Remote Control for AQI CO2 PM2.5 HCHO TVOC Temperature Humidity, Wall-Mounted Air Detector for Home Office – BlackSmart Air Quality Monitor Indoor, WiFi Air Quality Tester with APP Remote Control for AQI CO2 PM2.5 HCHO TVOC Temperature Humidity, Wall-Mounted Air Detector for Home Office – BlackBest Overall for Complete Indoor MonitoringAir quality detection: AQI, CO2, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, TVOC, HCHODisplay: HD LCD, color-coded indicatorsConnectivity: WiFi 2.4GHz, APP controlVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Temtop S1 PM2.5 Air Quality Monitor & Indoor ThermometerTemtop S1 PM2.5 Air Quality Monitor & Indoor ThermometerBest Budget Portable PM2.5 & AQI MonitorAir quality monitoring: PM2.5, AQIBattery life: Up to 60 daysDisplay: Digital LCDVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Breathe Airmonitor Plus Indoor Air Quality Monitor with CO₂, PM, and AppBreathe Airmonitor Plus Indoor Air Quality Monitor with CO₂, PM, and AppBest for Professional-Grade, Remote MonitoringSensors: NDIR CO₂, particle, VOC, formaldehydeConnectivity: Wi-Fi via appData storage: 30-day history, CSV exportVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, Humidity, and AQI Alarms16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, Humidity, and AQI AlarmsBest High-Definition Display & Multi-Parameter MonitoringSensors: PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO₂, HCHO, TVOCDisplay: High-definition color screenBattery: 2500mAh, approx. 12 hoursVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7-Inch Display and Real-Time Alerts16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7-Inch Display and Real-Time AlertsBest Large Display & High-Precision AlertsParameters monitored: CO2, PM2.5, PM1.0, PM10, HCHO, TVOC, Temp, Humidity, AQIDisplay size: 7 inchesAlert system: 7 buzzersVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Indoor Air Quality Monitor 10-in-1 Portable Smart Tester for CO2, TVOC, HCHO, AQI, Particulate Matter, Temp, Humidity, and TimeIndoor Air Quality Monitor 10-in-1 Portable Smart Tester for CO2, TVOC, HCHO, AQI, Particulate Matter, Temp, Humidity, and TimeBest Overall for Versatile, Portable MonitoringMeasurement Capabilities: CO2, HCHO, TVOC, PM2.5, PM1.0, PM10, Temp, Humidity, AQIDisplay: High-definition color screenConnectivity: BluetoothVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
LifeBasis Air Quality Monitor Indoor, 11-in-1 Air Quality DetectorLifeBasis Air Quality Monitor Indoor, 11-in-1 Air Quality DetectorBest for Long-Lasting, Real-Time Home MonitoringMonitoring Parameters: AQI, CO2, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, Particles, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, HumiditySensor Types: NDIR infrared, laser particle, semiconductor, photoelectricDisplay: LCD with adjustable brightnessVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Air Quality Monitor with 7.5-inch Color Display, CO2, PM2.5, TVOC, Temperature & Humidity for Home & OfficeAir Quality Monitor with 7.5-inch Color Display, CO2, PM2.5, TVOC, Temperature & Humidity for Home & OfficeBest for Easy, Accurate Readings with Swiss SensorsDisplay: 7.5-inch color screenSensor: Swiss-made SensirionCO2 Range: 400–5000 ppmVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
18-in-1 Smart Air Quality Monitor with WiFi and App Control18-in-1 Smart Air Quality Monitor with WiFi and App ControlBest for Remote, App-Enabled Monitoring & Custom AlertsSensor Types: AQI, CO2, PM2.5, PM1.0, PM10, TVOC, HCHODisplay: HD LCD with adjustable brightnessConnectivity: Wi-Fi 2.4GHzVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Sainlogic Indoor Air Quality Monitor – 16-in-1 VOC, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Particulate Matter, Humidity, Temperature with Large DisplaySainlogic Indoor Air Quality Monitor - 16-in-1 VOC, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Particulate Matter, Humidity, Temperature with Large DisplayBest for Large, Clear Data Display in Home & OfficeParameters Monitored: CO2, PM2.5, PM10, PM1.0, AQI, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, HumidityDisplay Size: 7.2 inchesSensor Sensitivity: 0.001VIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Specs at a glance

More Details on Our Top Picks

  1. Temtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter & Indoor Air Quality Monitor with E-Ink Display

    Temtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter & Indoor Air Quality Monitor with E-Ink Display

    Best Overall for Long-Term Indoor Monitoring

    View on Amazon

    The Temtop M10+ stands out for its impressive battery life, offering up to 60 days of continuous use, making it ideal for those who want a low-maintenance monitor. Its e-ink display keeps power consumption minimal while delivering real-time data on CO2, PM2.5, TVOCs, temperature, and humidity. Compared with the GoveeLife monitor, the Temtop’s extended battery life reduces the need for constant power, though it relies heavily on app connectivity for full features, which might be limiting for users without smartphones. This model suits households or offices prioritizing long-term, hands-off air quality tracking without frequent recharging. The main tradeoff is that sensor accuracy details are limited, which could impact confidence in precise pollutant levels.

    Pros:
    • Battery lasts up to 60 days, minimizing maintenance
    • Real-time data accessible via app with OTA updates
    • Quiet operation ideal for bedrooms
    Cons:
    • Requires smartphone app for full functionality
    • Limited information on sensor accuracy in product description

    Best for: Homeowners or small offices seeking a long-lasting, straightforward air quality monitor with app support

    Not ideal for: People who need detailed sensor calibration data or do not use smartphones regularly

    • Measurement Types:CO2, PM2.5, TVOCs, temperature, humidity
    • Display:E-Ink
    • Battery Life:Up to 60 days
    • Connectivity:App with OTA updates
    • Suitable For:Home, bedroom, office
    • Operation Mode:Quiet
    Our verdict
    “This is best suited for users wanting a low-effort, long-term indoor air quality monitor with essential features.”
  2. GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Monitor with PM2.5, Temperature, and Humidity – LED Display, Wired, Indoor Use

    GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Monitor with PM2.5, Temperature, and Humidity - LED Display, Wired, Indoor Use

    Best for Real-Time Accuracy and Smart Integration

    View on Amazon

    The GoveeLife monitor excels in providing highly accurate, real-time readings of PM2.5, temperature, and humidity, making it a strong choice for users who prioritize precise, immediate air quality data. Its LED display offers clear visibility, and its integration with Govee smart devices allows for automated climate adjustments, setting it apart from simpler monitors like the Temtop. However, it requires continuous power via Type-C cable, which limits portability, and Wi-Fi dependency means it’s less effective during network outages. This device is ideal for tech-savvy homeowners who want seamless remote monitoring and smart home integration but are comfortable with wired power.

    Pros:
    • High accuracy and fast refresh rate for real-time data
    • Integrates with Govee smart home ecosystem for automation
    • Remote monitoring and data export over 2 years
    Cons:
    • Requires constant connection to power via Type-C
    • Limited to indoor use, no outdoor performance info

    Best for: Tech-oriented homeowners looking for real-time monitoring with smart home integration

    Not ideal for: Users seeking a portable, battery-powered device for frequent relocation

    • PM2.5 accuracy:±15 µg/m³
    • Temperature accuracy:±0.54°F
    • Humidity accuracy:±3%RH
    • Display:LED with clock & PM2.5
    • Connectivity:2.4G Wi-Fi
    • Data storage:2 years
    Our verdict
    “Ideal for users who want accurate, real-time data and smart automation at home, with the tradeoff of constant power dependency.”
  3. Professional Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7 AQI Alarms, 16-in-1 Portable Real-Time Detector for PM2.5, PM10, CO2, TVOC, HCHO, Temp, Humidity (Black)

    Professional Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7 AQI Alarms, 16-in-1 Portable Real-Time Detector for PM2.5, PM10, CO2, TVOC, HCHO, Temp, Humidity (Black)

    Best for Portable, Multi-Pollutant Detection

    View on Amazon

    This professional-grade device offers comprehensive detection across 16 parameters, including PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, TVOC, and formaldehyde, with audible alarms for immediate alerts. Its portable design, coupled with a rechargeable battery, makes it suitable for use in various settings beyond just indoor spaces, such as cars or outdoor environments. The fast data updates every 3 seconds ensure users get timely information. Compared to the GoveeLife, it provides more detailed pollutant detection and alarms but sacrifices longer battery life—lasting only about 4-5 hours—which limits prolonged use without frequent recharging. This pick targets professionals or serious enthusiasts needing detailed, real-time pollutant data on the go, with some setup complexity.

    Pros:
    • Provides detailed real-time data on multiple pollutants
    • High-precision sensors with fast updates
    • Portable with rechargeable battery for versatile use
    • Audible alarms for immediate alerts
    Cons:
    • Limited to 4-5 hours of battery life
    • No detailed app or remote monitoring features

    Best for: Environmental professionals or serious hobbyists needing portable, multi-pollutant air quality data

    Not ideal for: Casual users or those seeking long-term, battery-powered indoor monitoring without frequent recharging

    • Power Source:Battery Powered
    • Alarm:7x AQI Beep Alarms
    • Measurements:PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, TVOC, HCHO, Temp, Hum
    • Dimensions:7.95″D x 5.63″W x 2.83″H
    • Weight:12.8 ounces
    • Warranty:12 months
    Our verdict
    “Best for users requiring portable, multi-parameter detection with rapid updates, accepting short battery life as a tradeoff.”
  4. Indoor Air Quality Monitor for Home with CO2, PM2.5, Formaldehyde, TVOC Sensors, and Temperature & Humidity Display

    Indoor Air Quality Monitor for Home with CO2, PM2.5, Formaldehyde, TVOC Sensors, and Temperature & Humidity Display

    Best for Large Color Display and Easy Indoor Use

    View on Amazon

    The Indoor Air Quality Monitor offers a user-friendly experience with its large color display and real-time tracking of key pollutants like CO2, PM2.5, formaldehyde, and TVOC. Its visual alerts and audible notifications make it accessible for everyday home monitoring, especially for users who prefer a straightforward, non-technical device. Compared with the Temtop or SUNANT monitors, it emphasizes visual clarity, but its battery life of around 9 hours might be limiting for all-day use without recharging. It lacks app integration, making it less suitable for those wanting remote data or smart home features. This monitor is best for homeowners seeking an easy-to-read, portable device for regular indoor air checks without complex setup.

    Pros:
    • Large, colorful display for easy reading
    • Real-time monitoring of multiple parameters
    • Audible alerts for immediate notification
    • Rechargeable battery for portable use
    Cons:
    • Battery life limited to around 9 hours
    • No app or remote connectivity features

    Best for: Homeowners who want a simple, portable display with clear visual cues for indoor air quality

    Not ideal for: Users who need long-term monitoring or app-based remote access

    • AQI Display:7-level
    • Sensors:CO2, PM2.5, PM10, Formaldehyde, TVOC
    • Display:Large color screen
    • Battery Life:Up to 9 hours
    • Power:Rechargeable battery
    • Alerts:Audible and visual
    Our verdict
    “Ideal for homeowners looking for an easy-to-use, visual indoor air quality monitor for daily checks without digital complexity.”
  5. 16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with Large Display and Real-Time Alerts

    16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with Large Display and Real-Time Alerts

    Best for Comprehensive Monitoring and Custom Alerts

    View on Amazon

    The SUNANT 16-in-1 monitor offers extensive pollutant detection, including CO2, formaldehyde, TVOC, and particulate matter, all displayed on a large 7-inch LCD. Its multiple alert modes and mute function cater to environments where flexible notifications are needed, and the rechargeable battery with a 6-hour backup provides reliable operation during outages. Compared with the Temtop or GoveeLife, this model emphasizes a broad parameter set and user control over alerts, though its battery life is shorter, and it is primarily designed for indoor use, making outdoor applications less suitable. This device is perfect for serious indoor environments where detailed, customizable monitoring and alerts are prioritized, assuming frequent recharging is acceptable.

    Pros:
    • Large, clear LCD display for easy data reading
    • Monitors nine key parameters simultaneously
    • Multiple alert modes with mute and customizable options
    • Rechargeable battery backup during power outages
    Cons:
    • Battery backup lasts only about 6 hours
    • Primarily for indoor use, outdoor accuracy may suffer

    Best for: Indoor environments requiring detailed, multi-parameter monitoring with customizable alerts

    Not ideal for: People needing long-lasting battery life or outdoor monitoring capabilities

    • Parameters Monitored:CO2, Formaldehyde, TVOC, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, Temp, Humidity, Time
    • Display:7-inch LCD
    • Alert Modes:7 AQI alert buzzers with mute
    • Temperature Units:Fahrenheit and Celsius (switchable)
    • Power Source:USB with rechargeable battery
    • Sensor Type:External high-precision sensors
    Our verdict
    “This monitor suits users needing detailed, customizable indoor air quality data with flexible alert options, accepting limited battery duration.”
  6. Smart Air Quality Monitor Indoor, WiFi Air Quality Tester with APP Remote Control for AQI CO2 PM2.5 HCHO TVOC Temperature Humidity, Wall-Mounted Air Detector for Home Office – Black

    Smart Air Quality Monitor Indoor, WiFi Air Quality Tester with APP Remote Control for AQI CO2 PM2.5 HCHO TVOC Temperature Humidity, Wall-Mounted Air Detector for Home Office – Black

    Best Overall for Complete Indoor Monitoring

    View on Amazon

    This monitor stands out for its comprehensive range of detection capabilities, covering AQI, CO₂, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, TVOC, HCHO, temperature, and humidity, making it ideal for users who want an all-in-one solution. Its WiFi connectivity and APP integration allow for remote data tracking, setting it apart from simpler devices like the Temtop S1, which lacks connectivity features. The dual-chip design ensures reliable, fast responses, but the device’s complexity might overwhelm casual users. Its wall-mount feature is a plus for fixed installation, though this limits portability. Compared with the Breathe Airmonitor Plus, this model offers more parameters but may sacrifice ease of use for advanced monitoring.

    Pros:
    • Full-range air detection including HCHO and TVOC
    • WiFi and APP support for remote monitoring
    • Reliable dual-chip sensor technology
    Cons:
    • Relatively complex setup process
    • Wall-mount limits portability

    Best for: Homeowners or small business owners seeking detailed, remote, and continuous indoor air quality data

    Not ideal for: Casual users or those preferring simple, portable devices without app integration

    • Air quality detection:AQI, CO2, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, TVOC, HCHO
    • Display:HD LCD, color-coded indicators
    • Connectivity:WiFi 2.4GHz, APP control
    • Battery:Built-in 3000mAh, 7-15 hours operation
    • Installation:Wall-mounted
    • Additional features:Auto-brightness, screen-off, custom alerts
    Our verdict
    “This device is perfect for users needing detailed, remote, and continuous indoor air quality monitoring with comprehensive data tracking.”
  7. Temtop S1 PM2.5 Air Quality Monitor & Indoor Thermometer

    Temtop S1 PM2.5 Air Quality Monitor & Indoor Thermometer

    Best Budget Portable PM2.5 & AQI Monitor

    View on Amazon

    The Temtop S1 excels in portability and long battery life, making it suitable for on-the-go monitoring or quick spot checks at home or in the office, especially when compared to larger, more feature-rich monitors like the 16-in-1 models. It provides accurate readings for PM2.5, AQI, temperature, and humidity, but lacks connectivity or app features, limiting data management options. Its 60-day battery life outperforms many competitors, yet the absence of detailed specifications on measurement accuracy or ranges could be a concern for precise needs. This makes it a solid choice for those who prioritize mobility over comprehensive data logging or remote control capabilities.

    Pros:
    • Long-lasting battery of up to 60 days
    • Accurate PM2.5 and AQI measurements
    • Compact and lightweight design
    Cons:
    • No app connectivity or remote tracking
    • Limited info on measurement accuracy and ranges

    Best for: Individuals needing an inexpensive, portable device for occasional air quality checks

    Not ideal for: Users requiring continuous remote monitoring or multi-parameter detection with data storage

    • Air quality monitoring:PM2.5, AQI
    • Battery life:Up to 60 days
    • Display:Digital LCD
    • Sensors:Laser particle sensor
    • Temperature/Humidity:Yes
    • Size:Portable
    Our verdict
    “Ideal for budget-conscious users seeking portable, long-term PM2.5 and AQI monitoring without the need for remote data access.”
  8. Breathe Airmonitor Plus Indoor Air Quality Monitor with CO₂, PM, and App

    Breathe Airmonitor Plus Indoor Air Quality Monitor with CO₂, PM, and App

    Best for Professional-Grade, Remote Monitoring

    View on Amazon

    The Breathe Airmonitor Plus offers precise detection of CO₂, PM, VOCs, and formaldehyde, with an emphasis on professional-grade accuracy and remote app control. Unlike the Temtop S1, it includes app-based alerts and historical data storage, making it suitable for environments where detailed monitoring is essential. The quick calibration tools and compact design simplify setup, but the device’s power requirements and potential complexity may not appeal to casual users. Its focus on accuracy and remote management makes it ideal for offices or classrooms where multiple parameters matter, although its cost and setup might be overkill for casual home use.

    Pros:
    • Accurately measures CO₂, PM, VOCs, and formaldehyde
    • Remote monitoring via dedicated app
    • Quick calibration and easy setup
    Cons:
    • Higher price point
    • Power source details not specified

    Best for: Professionals managing indoor environments like offices, classrooms, or labs needing detailed, remote data access

    Not ideal for: Casual homeowners or users seeking simple, standalone devices without app features

    • Sensors:NDIR CO₂, particle, VOC, formaldehyde
    • Connectivity:Wi-Fi via app
    • Data storage:30-day history, CSV export
    • Calibration:Quick calibration tools included
    • Design:Compact, modern
    • Monitoring range:Real-time
    Our verdict
    “Best suited for users requiring precise, remote, multi-parameter indoor air monitoring in professional settings.”
  9. 16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, Humidity, and AQI Alarms

    16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, Humidity, and AQI Alarms

    Best High-Definition Display & Multi-Parameter Monitoring

    View on Amazon

    This monitor excels with its high-definition color screen, offering clear, immediate visibility of multiple air quality parameters, including PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO₂, HCHO, TVOC, temperature, and humidity. Its versatility surpasses many pocket-sized devices like the Temtop S1, providing a broader range of pollutants and environmental factors, ideal for detailed home or office analysis. The long battery life and rapid data refresh make it suitable for continuous monitoring, though the lack of detailed app or connectivity features might limit data management options. Its high sensor accuracy and large display are perfect for users who want detailed, real-time insights at a glance, but calibration and sensor longevity could be concerns over time.

    Pros:
    • High-definition color display for easy reading
    • Detects multiple pollutants including PM and gases
    • Long battery and quick charging
    Cons:
    • No mention of app or remote connectivity
    • Battery life may vary with intensive use

    Best for: Home or office users who value detailed, real-time data with easy visual access via a large screen

    Not ideal for: Casual users or those needing remote monitoring or long-term data logs

    • Sensors:PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, CO₂, HCHO, TVOC
    • Display:High-definition color screen
    • Battery:2500mAh, approx. 12 hours
    • Power:Type-C charging
    • Size:1.92″D x 3.5″W x 4.16″H
    • Monitoring:Real-time, portable
    Our verdict
    “Ideal for users who prioritize visual clarity and multi-parameter detection in indoor air quality assessment.”
  10. 16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7-Inch Display and Real-Time Alerts

    16-in-1 Indoor Air Quality Monitor with 7-Inch Display and Real-Time Alerts

    Best Large Display & High-Precision Alerts

    View on Amazon

    This monitor combines a sizable 7-inch display with high-precision sensors, offering real-time tracking of nine parameters including CO₂, PM2.5, HCHO, TVOC, temperature, and humidity. Its large, bright screen enhances visibility, making it suitable for busy environments or for users who want immediate, clear data without needing to connect to an app. Unlike more compact options like the Temtop S1 or the 16-in-1 with HD display, this device emphasizes alert options with seven buzzers, ensuring users are promptly notified of dangerous levels. Its complex setup and sensor maintenance could be barriers for some, but its comprehensive monitoring and alert system make it ideal for environments where quick, reliable detection is critical.

    Pros:
    • Large, easy-to-read 7-inch display
    • High-precision sensors for accurate data
    • Multiple alert options including buzzers
    Cons:
    • Price and setup complexity may deter casual users
    • Sensor maintenance over time can be demanding

    Best for: Indoor spaces like schools, offices, or homes needing instant, visual, and audible alerts for air quality issues

    Not ideal for: Casual users or those seeking a simple, plug-and-play device without frequent calibration or complex features

    • Parameters monitored:CO2, PM2.5, PM1.0, PM10, HCHO, TVOC, Temp, Humidity, AQI
    • Display size:7 inches
    • Alert system:7 buzzers
    • Sensor accuracy:0.001 units
    • Power:Not specified
    • Additional features:Time adjustment, brightness, mute
    Our verdict
    “Best for environments where immediate visual and audible alerts are necessary to maintain indoor air safety.”
  11. Indoor Air Quality Monitor 10-in-1 Portable Smart Tester for CO2, TVOC, HCHO, AQI, Particulate Matter, Temp, Humidity, and Time

    Indoor Air Quality Monitor 10-in-1 Portable Smart Tester for CO2, TVOC, HCHO, AQI, Particulate Matter, Temp, Humidity, and Time

    Best Overall for Versatile, Portable Monitoring

    View on Amazon

    This monitor stands out for its comprehensive 10-in-1 measurement capabilities, including CO2, formaldehyde, TVOC, and particulate matter, all displayed on a vivid color screen. Compared with the LifeBasis Air Quality Monitor, it offers more parameters and a portable design, making it ideal for users who need detailed data on the go. Its Bluetooth connectivity enables easy calibration and time sync, though this reliance can be a hurdle for those wanting a more plug-and-play experience without setup complexity. The device’s strength lies in real-time, multi-parameter tracking, but its dependence on Bluetooth and limited info on battery life could be drawbacks for continuous monitoring. This pick is best for users seeking an all-in-one portable device that provides detailed air quality insights across various environments.

    Pros:
    • Measures 10 parameters including CO2, formaldehyde, TVOC, and particulate matter
    • High-definition color display offers clear, immediate visual alerts
    • Bluetooth connectivity simplifies calibration and time synchronization
    • Portable design suitable for various indoor environments
    Cons:
    • Requires Bluetooth for full functionality, which may complicate setup
    • Limited information on battery life and power source
    • Could be overwhelming for users unfamiliar with complex air quality data

    Best for: Homeowners or professionals needing portable, multi-parameter air quality measurements with visual alerts

    Not ideal for: Users preferring a simple, stationary device without Bluetooth setup or Bluetooth-dependent features

    • Measurement Capabilities:CO2, HCHO, TVOC, PM2.5, PM1.0, PM10, Temp, Humidity, AQI
    • Display:High-definition color screen
    • Connectivity:Bluetooth
    • Calibration:Smart calibration technology
    • Power:Press and hold power button for 3 seconds
    • Applications:Home, office, car, hotel, school
    Our verdict
    “This monitor is perfect for those who want detailed, portable air quality data with visual alerts and are comfortable with Bluetooth setup.”
  12. LifeBasis Air Quality Monitor Indoor, 11-in-1 Air Quality Detector

    LifeBasis Air Quality Monitor Indoor, 11-in-1 Air Quality Detector

    Best for Long-Lasting, Real-Time Home Monitoring

    View on Amazon

    This device excels at providing a comprehensive snapshot of indoor air quality, tracking 11 parameters including AQI, CO2, and PM levels, with a user-friendly LCD display. Unlike the Sainlogic Indoor Air Quality Monitor, which offers a larger display, the LifeBasis’s standout feature is its rechargeable battery lasting over 11 hours, making it suitable for portable, all-day monitoring. However, its 11-12 hour battery life means it isn’t ideal for continuous 24/7 use without frequent charging, and its complexity may challenge those unfamiliar with air metrics. Its real advantage is in delivering detailed, real-time data with alerts, perfect for homeowners wanting reliable indoor air insights without internet dependence. This monitor is best for users who want a portable, detailed air quality device with long battery life for intermittent use.

    Pros:
    • Tracks 11 key air quality parameters including AQI, CO2, and PM levels
    • Color and sound alerts for easy understanding of air quality
    • Rechargeable 2500mAh battery lasts 11-12 hours
    • Clear LCD with adjustable brightness for easy reading
    Cons:
    • Requires charging after around 12 hours, limiting continuous use
    • No Wi-Fi or app connectivity, restricting remote monitoring
    • Potentially complex for users unfamiliar with air quality metrics

    Best for: Home users seeking detailed, portable air quality data with a rechargeable battery for daily use

    Not ideal for: People needing constant, 24/7 monitoring without frequent recharging or who prefer app-based remote monitoring

    • Monitoring Parameters:AQI, CO2, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, Particles, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, Humidity
    • Sensor Types:NDIR infrared, laser particle, semiconductor, photoelectric
    • Display:LCD with adjustable brightness
    • Battery:2500mAh rechargeable
    • Battery Life:11-12 hours
    • Charging Port:Type-C
    Our verdict
    “Ideal for users who want portable, detailed air quality data with long battery life but do not need remote or continuous monitoring.”
  13. Air Quality Monitor with 7.5-inch Color Display, CO2, PM2.5, TVOC, Temperature & Humidity for Home & Office

    Air Quality Monitor with 7.5-inch Color Display, CO2, PM2.5, TVOC, Temperature & Humidity for Home & Office

    Best for Easy, Accurate Readings with Swiss Sensors

    View on Amazon

    This monitor’s large, 7.5-inch color screen makes it easy to read air quality data at a glance, especially compared with smaller displays like the Sainlogic Indoor Air Quality Monitor. It features Swiss-made Sensirion sensors, known for reliability, providing accurate readings for CO₂, PM, and TVOC levels. Its plug-and-play setup and audible alerts with mute options make it suitable for users who want straightforward operation without Wi-Fi or app dependencies. Compared to Wi-Fi-enabled options like the 18-in-1 Smart Air Quality Monitor, it sacrifices remote control but offers a more stable, plug-in operation. Its main limitation is the need for USB power, which restricts placement flexibility, and the bright display might be disruptive in sleep environments. This model suits those wanting dependable, easy-to-understand indoor air data without the fuss of connectivity.

    Pros:
    • Large, bright, 7.5-inch color display for clear visibility
    • Swiss-made sensors deliver highly accurate measurements
    • Simple setup with no Wi-Fi or app required
    • Audible alerts with mute option enhance safety and convenience
    Cons:
    • Requires USB power source, limiting placement options
    • No remote monitoring or app connectivity
    • Display brightness may be too intense for sensitive sleepers

    Best for: Homeowners or small office users who prioritize reliable, easy-to-read data without network dependence

    Not ideal for: Tech-savvy users seeking remote monitoring or integration with smart home systems

    • Display:7.5-inch color screen
    • Sensor:Swiss-made Sensirion
    • CO2 Range:400–5000 ppm
    • PM Range:0–999 µg/m³
    • TVOC Range:0–500 index
    • Temperature Range:14.2°F ~ 122°F
    • Temperature Accuracy:±0.5°F
    • Power:USB
    Our verdict
    “This monitor is well-suited for users who want reliable, easy-to-read air quality data with minimal setup and no internet dependency.”
  14. 18-in-1 Smart Air Quality Monitor with WiFi and App Control

    18-in-1 Smart Air Quality Monitor with WiFi and App Control

    Best for Remote, App-Enabled Monitoring & Custom Alerts

    View on Amazon

    This device leads in connectivity, offering Wi-Fi and app control with comprehensive 18-in-1 environmental monitoring, including CO2, PM, TVOC, and formaldehyde, similar to the Sainlogic. Its ability to send real-time alerts, store data, and be remotely managed makes it ideal for tech-savvy users or those wanting detailed logs over time. Compared to the Indoor Air Quality Monitor 10-in-1, which is portable but lacks internet access, this model emphasizes remote accessibility and customization. Its main tradeoff is reliance on Wi-Fi, which can be unstable or limited in some environments, and the battery lasts only 7-15 hours depending on usage. The device is best for those who need ongoing, remote monitoring and are comfortable with app-based controls. It’s less suitable for users seeking simplicity or operating in Wi-Fi dead zones.

    Pros:
    • Provides detailed, real-time data on 18 parameters including CO2, PM, TVOC, and HCHO
    • Wi-Fi and app control enable remote monitoring and customizable alerts
    • Long-lasting rechargeable battery with portability
    • Data storage and history tracking support proactive health management
    Cons:
    • Requires Wi-Fi connection for full functionality
    • Battery life varies with usage, potentially limiting all-day portability
    • Setup and app configuration may be complex for some users

    Best for: Smart home owners or professionals needing remote, real-time air quality management via smartphone

    Not ideal for: Users without reliable Wi-Fi or who prefer simple, standalone devices without app dependencies

    • Sensor Types:AQI, CO2, PM2.5, PM1.0, PM10, TVOC, HCHO
    • Display:HD LCD with adjustable brightness
    • Connectivity:Wi-Fi 2.4GHz
    • App Compatibility:‘Smart Life’ or ‘Tuya Smart’
    • Battery:3000mAh with Type-C charging
    • Monitoring Time:7-15 hours
    Our verdict
    “Ideal for users seeking comprehensive, remote air quality management with customizable alerts and logs via smartphone app.”
  15. Sainlogic Indoor Air Quality Monitor – 16-in-1 VOC, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Particulate Matter, Humidity, Temperature with Large Display

    Sainlogic Indoor Air Quality Monitor - 16-in-1 VOC, CO2, HCHO, TVOC, Particulate Matter, Humidity, Temperature with Large Display

    Best for Large, Clear Data Display in Home & Office

    View on Amazon

    This monitor’s standout feature is its expansive 7.2-inch display, providing clear, real-time data on nine environmental parameters, including CO2 and PM levels. Compared to the Air Quality Monitor with 7.5-inch Display, it offers a slightly larger screen with customizable brightness, making it easier for multiple users to read at once. Its wireless, rechargeable operation makes it versatile for different locations, and it does not rely on Wi-Fi or app integration, similar to the Indoor Air Quality Monitor 10-in-1. The main limitation is its battery life, which lasts only up to 8 hours, and the absence of remote monitoring options. This device suits users who value a large, easy-to-read display and want detailed data without needing internet connectivity or app control.

    Pros:
    • Large 7.2-inch display with adjustable brightness for easy reading
    • Tracks nine parameters including CO2, particulate matter, and VOCs
    • Wireless and rechargeable, no Wi-Fi needed
    • Customizable alerts and visual indicators
    Cons:
    • Limited battery life of up to 8 hours
    • No remote monitoring or app functionality
    • Requires manual calibration for optimal accuracy

    Best for: Home or office users who prioritize a large, clear display with reliable, offline operation

    Not ideal for: Tech-savvy users wanting remote access or longer continuous monitoring without charging

    • Parameters Monitored:CO2, PM2.5, PM10, PM1.0, AQI, HCHO, TVOC, Temperature, Humidity
    • Display Size:7.2 inches
    • Sensor Sensitivity:0.001
    • Temperature Range:14°F to 122°F
    • Temperature Accuracy:±1°F to ±3°F
    • Humidity Range:0% to 99% RH
    • Battery Life:Up to 8 hours
    • Charging Port:USB-C
    Our verdict
    “Best suited for environments where a large, clutter-free display and offline operation are priorities over extended battery life or remote access.”
air quality monitor with co2 and pm25
What makes a great air quality monitor with co2 and pm25
1
Sensor Accuracy and Coverage
Accurate sensors for CO2 and PM2.5 are the backbone of a reliable monitor.
2
Display and Readability
A clear, easy-to-read display makes a significant difference, especially if you monitor air quality regularly.
3
Connectivity and Alerts
Many modern monitors include WiFi or Bluetooth, enabling remote access via smartphone apps.
4
Ease of Use and Maintenance
Intuitive interfaces and straightforward setup are essential for users unfamiliar with air quality tech.
How to choose your air quality monitor with co2 and pm25
1
How we picked
Products were evaluated based on sensor accuracy, ease of use, build quality, display clarity, connectivity features, an
2
Sensor Accuracy and Coverage
Accurate sensors for CO2 and PM2.5 are the backbone of a reliable monitor.
3
Display and Readability
A clear, easy-to-read display makes a significant difference, especially if you monitor air quality regularly.
4
Connectivity and Alerts
Many modern monitors include WiFi or Bluetooth, enabling remote access via smartphone apps.
5
Ease of Use and Maintenance
Intuitive interfaces and straightforward setup are essential for users unfamiliar with air quality tech.
Vetted air quality monitor with co2 and pm25 ·
The best air quality monitor with co2 and pm25, compared
★ Winner Temtop M10+ 6-in-1 CO2 Meter &
Best Overall for Long-Term Indoor Monitoring
15compared

How We Picked

Products were evaluated based on sensor accuracy, ease of use, build quality, display clarity, connectivity features, and value for money. Reliable sensors for both CO2 and PM2.5 are critical, so devices with multi-sensor setups rated higher. Usability factors like app integration, alert systems, and display size influence how effectively a monitor can be used daily. We prioritized devices that combine solid performance with straightforward interfaces, and ranked them according to overall versatility and feature set, ensuring options for different budgets and needs.
Which air quality monitor with co2 and pm25 fits you?
The everyday user
All-round, reliable
The enthusiast
Premium & high-performance
The gift-giver
Looks & craftsmanship

Factors to Consider When Choosing Air Quality Monitor With Co2 And Pm25

Choosing the right air quality monitor with CO2 and PM2.5 involves weighing several key factors. While sensor accuracy is vital, usability and data clarity often determine how well a device fits into your routine. Additional considerations include connectivity options, maintenance, and whether you need alerts or long-term data storage. Understanding these elements helps prevent common pitfalls, such as overpaying for unnecessary features or settling for inaccurate sensors, leading to a more satisfying purchase.

Sensor Accuracy and Coverage

Accurate sensors for CO2 and PM2.5 are the backbone of a reliable monitor. Devices with multiple sensors, including formaldehyde and TVOC detection, deliver a broader view of indoor air quality. However, higher sensor precision usually comes at a higher cost, so consider your specific needs—if you only want to track basic air quality, simpler models may suffice. Always check if the device has calibration options or user-replaceable sensors, which can extend its lifespan and accuracy over time.

Display and Readability

A clear, easy-to-read display makes a significant difference, especially if you monitor air quality regularly. Larger screens with color coding or real-time graphs provide quick insights at a glance, reducing the need to interpret complex data. Compact devices with small displays or only app-based data may be less convenient for frequent checks. Balance display size and clarity with the device’s overall size and placement options to suit your environment.

Connectivity and Alerts

Many modern monitors include WiFi or Bluetooth, enabling remote access via smartphone apps. This feature is particularly valuable if you want continuous monitoring or automation, such as receiving alerts when CO2 levels spike. However, connectivity can introduce potential points of failure and privacy considerations, so choose devices with reliable app support and clear privacy policies. Consider whether you need real-time alerts or scheduled reports to match your monitoring style.

Ease of Use and Maintenance

Intuitive interfaces and straightforward setup are essential for users unfamiliar with air quality tech. Devices with minimal calibration requirements and easy-to-clean sensors reduce ongoing maintenance. Some monitors include self-calibration features, but they may need periodic manual calibration for best accuracy. Think about how often you’ll need to replace sensors or batteries, and whether the device’s design simplifies these tasks.

Price and Value

Price varies widely among these monitors, often reflecting their sensor quality, connectivity features, and display size. Budget models generally cover basic PM2.5 and CO2 readings but lack advanced alarms or long-term data storage. Premium models justify their higher cost through broader sensor arrays, app functionality, and more durable construction. Decide what level of detail and reliability you need, and select a device that balances features with your budget to maximize value.

Frequently Asked Questions

How accurate are consumer-grade air quality monitors for CO2 and PM2.5?

Consumer-grade monitors offer a reasonable estimate of indoor air quality, but their accuracy can vary depending on sensor quality and calibration. Higher-end models with multiple sensors and calibration features tend to be more precise, often comparable to professional devices. However, they are still less accurate than laboratory-grade instruments, especially at very high or low concentrations. Regular calibration and proper placement enhance reliability, but for critical health concerns, consulting a professional may be advisable.

Can I rely solely on app notifications for air quality alerts?

While app alerts are convenient, they should not be the only method of monitoring, especially for critical situations. Notifications depend on stable WiFi connections and proper setup, which can sometimes fail. It’s wise to choose a device with visual alarms or audible alerts as a backup, ensuring you’re notified promptly even if your phone isn’t nearby or connected. Combining multiple alert methods offers the most reliable way to respond to poor air quality conditions.

How often should I calibrate my air quality monitor?

Calibration frequency varies based on the device and usage environment, but a general recommendation is every six to twelve months. Some sensors, especially for CO2, benefit from periodic calibration to maintain accuracy. Check your device’s manual for specific calibration instructions—many models include auto-calibration features that simplify this process. Regular calibration ensures your readings stay trustworthy, especially if you rely on the device for health or safety decisions.

Is a larger display always better for indoor monitoring?

A larger display can make data easier to read at a glance, especially in busy environments. However, it can also add bulk and may be less aesthetically suited for some spaces. Smaller or wall-mounted monitors with clear visuals can be just as effective if they offer good contrast and simple layouts. Ultimately, the best display size depends on your environment and how frequently you plan to check the data—prioritize clarity and usability over size alone.

Are all sensors for formaldehyde and TVOC necessary for home use?

In most typical home environments, PM2.5 and CO2 are the most critical metrics for day-to-day air quality. Sensors for formaldehyde and TVOC are more relevant if you’re concerned about specific chemical emissions, such as new furniture, paints, or certain cleaning products. These sensors can add cost and complexity but are valuable for detecting VOCs in spaces with potential chemical off-gassing. Evaluate your environment and health concerns to decide if these additional sensors are worth the investment.

Conclusion

For most users seeking a reliable, all-around air quality monitor, the Temtop M10+ offers the best combination of comprehensive sensors and user-friendly features, making it ideal for general health monitoring. Budget-conscious buyers can consider the GoveeLife Smart Air Quality Monitor, which covers essential metrics without breaking the bank. Those needing advanced features, such as detailed data analytics or formaldehyde detection, should look into premium models like the Sainlogic 16-in-1. Beginners or casual users will benefit from devices with intuitive interfaces, while professionals or sensitive environments may require higher accuracy and broader sensor coverage. Carefully match your priorities—whether accuracy, ease, or advanced features—to find the best fit for your indoor air quality needs in 2026.

EVERGREEN BESTSE

Evergreen bestsellers Picks

As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.

You May Also Like

13 Best Hiking Backpack 65L for Long Treks in 2026

Discover the top 65L hiking backpacks for long treks in 2026. Find the best overall, value, and premium options tailored to your outdoor adventures.

14 Best Premium Carry-On Suitcases with Spinner Wheels in 2026

Discover the top premium carry on suitcases with spinner wheels for 2026. Find the best overall, value, and specialized options to suit your travel needs.

14 Best Digital Shower Systems with Thermostatic Controls in 2026

Discover the top digital shower systems with thermostatic controls for 2026. Find the best overall, value, premium, and beginner-friendly options here.

11 Best Large Resin Outdoor Storage Sheds for 2026

Discover the top large resin outdoor storage sheds in 2026. Find the best overall, value, premium options, and more to fit your storage needs.